• Vehicle propulsion architectures emphasize integrated electric machines with power electronics to optimize performance, efficiency, and speed for HEV/EV applications, including PM brushless drives, dual-rotor systems, and electrical variable transmissions [1], [5], [3].

• Development and control of multiphase/multi-port machines and nontraditional topologies enable improved fault tolerance, independent vector control, and higher torque/power density; examples include multimachine vector-controlled drives, brushless doubly-fed configurations, and dual mechanical port machines [9], [13], [16], [11].

• Educational reform and hands-on lab-based curricula unify electrical machines with power electronics, leveraging digital control, integrative teaching, and project-oriented experiments to enhance learning and keep pace with industry needs [2], [4], [8], [18], [15], [7].

• Historical and systems-level perspectives trace the evolution of AC adjustable-speed drives and novel electrical variable transmissions, highlighting milestones that shaped modern controls, inverters, and electromechanical converters [6], [3].